þÿ<!-- THIS PAGE WAS CREATED WITH WORLD WIDE WEB WEAVER 2.0 IN ORDER TO SEPARATE THIS PAGE INTO MULTIPLE SECTIONS COMMENT TAGS HAVE BEEN PLACED AT SPECIFIC LOCATIONS. REMOVING OR EDITING THESE COMMENTS WILL CAUSE WEB WEAVER TO NOT RECOGNIZE SECTIONS --><HTML> <!-- START Page HTML Specs. --> <HEAD><TITLE>Session 2: Specialized Contructs</TITLE></HEAD><BODY BGCOLOR="#FFFFFF" TEXT="#000000" LINK="#5000E0" VLINK="#801070" ALINK="#FF0000"><!-- BEGIN BODY HEADER SECTION --> <!-- START Page --> <!-- START Left side of table --> <CENTER> <TABLE BORDER=0 WIDTH=100% CELLSPACING=0 CELLPADDING=3> <TR> <TD ALIGN=LEFT WIDTH="10%" VALIGN=TOP BGCOLOR="#FFFE88"> <!-- START Side Menu --> <CENTER> <h4 align=center>BRL: Braille through Remote Learning</h4> <h5 align=center>Braille Transcribers Course</h5><hr> <A HREF="../index.html" >Home</A><br> <A HREF="index.html" >Session 2 page</A> </center><p> <HR ALIGN=CENTER SIZE=1 WIDTH=125> <B>Session Topics</B></CENTER> <li><B><A HREF="abbrev.html">Abbreviations</A></B> <li><B><A HREF="speech.html">Specialized speech constructs</A></B> <li><B><A HREF="quant.html">Quantitative Constructs</A></B> <HR ALIGN=CENTER SIZE=1 WIDTH=125> <B>Evaluation</B></CENTER> <LI><A HREF="s2proof.html">Proofreading Exercise</A> <br> <LI><A HREF="s2write.html">Writing Exercise</A> <br> <HR ALIGN=CENTER SIZE=1 WIDTH=125> <LI> <A HREF="http://shodor.org/braille/codes">Special Codes course</A><BR> <HR ALIGN=CENTER SIZE=1 WIDTH=125> </TD></center> <!-- END Side Menu --> <!-- END Left side of table --> <TD VALIGN=TOP ALIGN=CENTER> <!-- START Right side of table --> <table> <!-- BEGIN MAIN BODY SECTION --> <tr><td><h1 align=center> <!-- BEGIN MAIN BODY SECTION --> Session 2: Specialized Speech Constructs</h1></td></tr> <tr><td> The transcriber is often presented, especially in literary braille, with unusual speech constructs, such as stutters, stammers, hesitations, lisps, dialects, and vocal sounds. This does not include brailling written systems of pronounciation, a topic to be dealt with in a later session. <P> <H3>Stutters, Stammers and Speech Hesitations</H3> Stutters are "involuntary blockages or disruptions of speech". Stammers are "hesitations or stumblings in speech". Both terms are used in literary braille to refer to constructs such as "c-c-c-can". <P> The general rule here is that you should not use contractions (typically whole-word contractions) in stuttered or stammered words. For example, in the stutter "b-b-b-b-but", the use of the whole word contraction "but" would not be recognized easily. Note also that you do not have to use the letter sign in front of any of the single letters, assuming that the single letter stammer is the same letter as the full word (in this case, a "b").<P> You are permitted to use contractions such as "mother" in the stutter "m-m-m-m-mother" or "g-g-g-good". The contraction must, however, start with the same letter as the stammered part of the word. You should not divide a stammered word between lines, at least the portions that comprise the stammer. <P> A speech hesitation may or may not be a stammer or stutter. Vocalizations such as "br-r-r-r" or "n-o-o-w" are typically brailled as they appear in print, through the use of a hyphen. If a dash or double dash is used to show greatly exaggerated drawing out, the braillist should continue to use the hyphen. Contractions are not used. For example, in the sneeze "ah-ch-o-oh!" the "ch" contraction would not be used.<P> <H3>Lisps</H3> Lisped words are typically shown in print as "th" words, such as "thaw" for "saw" and "thee" for "see". The "th" contraction should be used at all times to braille the lisped word. <P> <H3>Dialects</H3> In this instance, dialects refers to mispronounciations of English words, not to the use of foreign words included in a predominately English text, whether the foreign words be correctly pronounced or somehow mispronounced. As a rule, contractions should be used where appropriate following their standard use as dictated by the rules. The one exception is as follows:<P> <hr><BLOCKQUOTE>In dialect where <I>thee</I> replaces <I>thi</I> or <I>the</I> replaces <I>te</I> or <I>de</I>, the <I>th</I> sign should be used, not the <I>the</I> sign. Examples:<P> <UL><LI>(th)e(en)g [thing] <LI>(th)e(en)k [think] <LI>mat(th)(er) [matter] <LI>mur(th)(er) [murder] <LI>sis(th)(er) [sister] </UL></BLOCKQUOTE>Source: Instruction Manual for Braille Transcribing, 1985, The Library of Congress<hr><P> <H3>Spelling and Syllabized Words</H3> Occasionally you will run across words that are spelled out for emphasis or other purposes. For these words, follow the print format with the use of hyphens. No letter signs are required. Use caution when dividing between lines. <P> In writing syllabized words, such as "in-doc-tri-na-tion", the following groups of contractions may not be used:<P> <UL><LI>whole-word alphabet contractions (such as "b" for "but") <LI>final-letter contractions (such as "tion") <LI>lower-sign contractions (such as "bb"), with the exception of "in" and "en" <LI>short-form words with more than one syllable </UL><P> In the example above, the braille would be:<P> <img src="s2ex7.gif"><P> <!-- BEGIN BODY FOOTER SECTION --> <center> </td></tr></table> <HR SIZE=1 WIDTH=95%> </table> <P> <hr size=10 width=100% align=left> <!-- END Page --> </BODY> </HTML>