Reference Symbols

A reference symbol or numeral printed in a superscript position must not be shown as a superscript in braille. Reference symbols must be punctuated mathematically.

Asterisk	*
Dagger- Single
Dagger- Double
Paragraph Mark	¶
Section Mark- Single	§
Section Mark- Double	§§
Star

Reference to Footnotes:

1. Reference to Symbols Denoting Footnotes: When a printed symbol referring to a footnote is attached to the beginning or end of a word, mathematical expression, etc., the reference symbol must follow that item with a space between in braille and must appear on the same braille line. When such a reference symbol is unattached, it must be positioned as it appears in print. No space should be left between a footnote reference symbol and its related punctuation mark.
   1. Find the *quarterly interest.

      

   2. Find the quarterly* interest.

      

   3. 

      

   4. 

      

   5. Find the quotient*.

      

   6. The asterisk (*) denotes a footnote.

      

2. Numbered or Lettered Footnotes and the General Reference Indicator: When a footnote reference is denoted by a numeral alone, the general reference indicator and the numeric indicator must be placed before the note numeral. When a footnote reference is denoted by a letter alone, the general reference indicator must be placed before the note letter. The English letter indicator must not be used.

   An attached footnote reference numeral or letter must follow the corresponding item. An unattached footnote reference numeral or letter must be positioned as it appears in print. Except for its punctuation, the general reference indicator and its numeral or letter must be preceded and followed by a space.

   1. Find the interest¹ and annuity².

      

   2. In %, the ¹index of the radical is 3.

      

   3. If B is a formula and y is a variable, ¹ then (y)B is a formula.

      

   4. We sketch two proofs^a of Theorem 15.

      

   5. Other external problems will be found in the exercises.^b

      

3. Placement of Footnotes: In transcribing footnotes, the reference symbol and its related footnote must be positioned and indented in accordance with the rules of the Code of Braille Textbook Formats and Techniques Rule VI, §21. Indent from the margin in effect.

1. The figure shows a spherical light wave from object O falling on a cancave* spherical mirror.

   ________

    *The inner surface of a spherical shell is concave; the other surface is convex.

   

2. 1. Find the interest¹ and the annuity².

   ________
    ¹Appendix, Table 4.
    ²Appendix, Table 5.

   

1. A reference symbol may be used with lettered or numbered items to indicate work for extra practice or credit, or to denote references to specific sections, paragraphs, etc. Such a reference symbol must be positioned as it appears in print and must be unspaced from its related letter or numeral. The numeric indicator must be used before a numeral following a reference symbol.
   1. *1. Find (-1)¹⁰.

      

   2. 1*. What is 5⁷?

      

   3. 1.* Factor: 6x² - 5x.

      

   4. Read §12, ¶a.

      

   5. Study ¶1, §i, and §ii.

      

   6. Prove Theorem 1 (§A, ¶4).

      

2. When a reference symbol is used to single out one or more words for special emphasis, a space must be left between the reference symbol and the word.
   1. complex fraction

      

   
   Unlisted Reference Symbols: When print symbols other than those listed are used for reference, the equivalent braille symbols in the Nemeth Code must be used. If no equivalent braille sumbol exists, a symbol must be devised and explained in a transcriber's note. All such reference symbols must be transcribed in accordance with the rules stated above.